Feline Leukemia Feline leukemia virus: (FeLV) is a common agent in cats that is usually transmitted through virus-infected saliva via cat fight wounds, mutual grooming, or sharing food and water dishes.

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Feline Leukemia Virus Vaccination in Cats


Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a common agent in cats that is usually transmitted through virus-infected saliva via cat fight wounds, mutual grooming, or sharing food and water dishes. The most hazardous situation for FeLV transmission is a multi-cat household in which a large number of cats are crowded into a limited space.

The virus causes a fatal infection through development of malignancy or depression of immunity (inability to fight infection) with the development of secondary diseases. The virus lives only a few days in the environment and is easily killed by common detergent and disinfectants. Thus, most of the risk of transmission is due to direct contact between cats.

Most cats with FeLV infection die within 2 or 3 years of the time of infection. The most common problem is depression of the immune system, which makes the cat susceptible to a variety of secondary infections. Cats may have persistent and recurring abscesses, chronic mouth infections, chronic respiratory diseases, diarrhea, and poor appetite. The virus can also suppress the cells of the bone marrow that produce red and white blood cells. Red blood cell suppression produces severe anemia. Suppression of the white blood cells needed for prevention of bacterial invasion allows the development of uncontrollable infections.

Development of malignancies is also a major concern in FeLV-infected cats. FeLV was originally identified in 1964 in Scotland in catteries where there was an epidemic of malignancies. It was later found that months to years after infection, many cats develop malignancies of the cells of the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. When these malignant cells are found in the blood, the malignancy is called a leukemia. These malignancies can also be found in many organs including the bone marrow, chest, kidneys, liver, and intestinal tract (called lymphoma).

There is no treatment to terminate FeLV; only supportive care and treatment of the secondary bacterial infections with antibiotics are possible. Some of the malignancies induced by FeLV can be controlled with chemotherapeutic drugs for a few months to a year of longer.

Fortunately, there are vaccines that are quite effective in preventing FeLV infection. Young cats are more susceptible to Infection than adult cats and should be vaccinated before they come in contact with possible FeLV carrier cats. The current recommendation is an initial vaccine after 9 weeks of age and a second booster dose 3 weeks to a month later. Yearly booster vaccines are recommended for cats at risk.

Only killed virus vaccines are available for vaccinating cats against FeLV because of concerns that a modified live virus in a vaccine could undergo a mutation into a potentially dangerous virus. Killed virus vaccines of any type can cause the development of a tumor called a fibrosarcoma. This is an aggressive malignancy of fibrous tissue that develops in response to inflammation at the site of vaccination.

The rate of development of malignancies at vaccine injection sites is estimated to be 1 in 5000 doses of vaccine given. In cats that are exposed to FeLV, outside cats, and cats that come in contact with cats that go outside, the infection rate of FeLV is 2 per 100. In these cats, the benefit of vaccination far outweigh the possible problems of vaccine induced tumors. In cats very unlikely to be exposed, the risk/benefit ratio of vaccination is less evident. Cats that are kept strictly indoors are not at risk for infection if other cats in the same household are not infected with FeLV and all cats in the household are kept indoors.

There are a number of in-office blood tests that your veterinarian can perform to identify FeLV-infected cats. Cats in multiple-cat households should be checked to be sure they are not carriers of FeLV. All new cats introduced into the household must be quarantined for 3 months and checked twice for FeLV infection before being admitted into the household. Checking cats in the household and preventing the entry of infected cats are effective in developing a FeLV-free environment where vaccination is not necessary.

FeLV infection is a lethal infection of cats that can be readily prevented. All cats at risk should be vaccinated regularly.

The above is general veterinary information. Do not begin any course of treatment without consulting your regular veterinarian. All animals should be examined at least once every 12 months.

About the author:

From the Textbook of Veterinary Internal Information: Client Information Series. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved.

Linda Mar Veterinary Hospital and its cat-only affiliate, Coastal Cat Clinic, are small animal practices located in Pacifica, California. To find a veterinarian or to learn more about the vet clinic and our staff, visit:[http://lindamarvet.com/]


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Getting Ready for the Newborn Kittens

Caring for your cat during pregnancy may require a lot of time and effort in your part but it is a very wonderful and rewarding experience. But after the kittens are already born, you will need to do a different task and that is to take care of the newborn kittens. These kittens will need special kind of attention and care and you must make sure that you could provide it to them.

One good way to start is to prepare your home for the arrival of the newborn kittens. Kittens tend to play with, chew, or nibble anything that attracts their interest like plants, cords, and other materials. You should remove the things that could be harmful to the newborn kittens like anything that could poison them or hurt them. Electrical cords must be kept out of reach. Look for anything sharp and pointed and remove them from the area immediately. Deal with anything that could strangle your kitten like ropes, ribbons, and cords to provide a safer place for your kittens.

You might also want to save your curtains and drapes from kitten scratches so it would be advisable to tie them up so your kittens will not be able to reach them. Make sure that the cabinet for your cleaning liquids are out of your kittens’ reach. Most of these cleaning liquids are poisonous and you wouldn't want your kitty to play with them to prevent any kind of accident.

Another good preparation that you should not forget is to shop for things that your kitten will need. You will have to shop for foods that are suitable for newborn kittens. You should opt for foods that could give your kittens the kind of nutrition they need for growth. The food should also be easily digestible by kittens to prevent any troubles with their tummy.

You should also get them the things they need like their own bowls, kitty basket or bed, blanket, litter box, and toys. This is to ensure that your kittens will be comfortable and that they will have a good playing time. You should provide them with warm and comfortable place or area to sleep in. When choosing toys for your little kittens, make sure that they are safe and will not put the safety of your kittens at risk.

Lastly, you must make sure that your kittens are healthy. After birth, you could have a vet take a look at them to check them up for any illness and to give them vaccines that they need. If your vet saw some signs and symptoms that suggest illness, your kitten might be subjected to some tests and examinations. This is to ensure that they will grow healthy and will reduce the risk of getting sick. These things will help prepare you and your home for the arrival of your cat’s newborn kittens. You will not have to get worried about their safety inside your home and you can be sure that you will able to provide them with anything they need for them to grow happy and healthy.

About the Author
Shaun Bradley
My name is Shaun Bradley and I am an avid Cat Lover/Owner. I have had cats ever since I can remember. Now I have just two cats named Sylvia and Goldie. They are great pets and fairly simple to take care of as long as you know some easy cat training tips. Visit my website for more information http://www.trainingyourcats.com

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How to Treat Cat Eye Infections - Secrets From a Holistic Veterinarian

Many cats have chronic problems with conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye membranes). Often, the problem comes and goes. One or both eyes may be red, swollen, watery, crusty, or goopy. Causes include infection, congenital defects (small or absent tear ducts), facial conformation (Persian features), and scarring from previous infections. However, the most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats is infection with a Herpes virus (but don't worry, your cat can't give it to you or your family!). In cats, Herpes is an upper respiratory virus; it's also called "rhinotracheitis" and is one of the components of the upper respiratory/panleukopenia (feline distemper) vaccine that is given to kittens. The vaccine does not actually prevent Herpes infection; its main function is to reduce the severity of the disease.

Virtually all cats are exposed to Herpesvirus as kittens. For most cats, no further problems occur. However, Herpes is a sneaky virus, and it likes to lie dormant until it gets a chance to get one up on the immune system. Because stress suppresses the immune system, cats under stress are particularly susceptible to recurrent Herpes flare-ups. Herpes is irritating and painful, and usually causes quite a bit of redness, puffiness, and a watery discharge or brownish crusty matter at the corners of the eyes. It often attacks only one eye, producing a lopsided squint. Often the cat will squint against bright light, or try to avoid it altogether.

There are several holistic treatment options for Herpes. One of the simplest is l-lysine, an amino acid that is inexpensive and readily available at the health food store. It comes in capsules or tablets, usually 500 mg. Capsules are much easier to work with, if you can get them. The dose is 500 mg twice a day for 5 days (total 1,000 mg/day). Lysine has a slightly salty taste, and is easily disguised by mixing with canned cat food or baby food. That seems like a lot--but that's what it takes to work. Once the acute episode is under control, a maintenance dose of 250 mg per day can be given indefinitely.

To relieve irritation and wash viral particles from the eye, you can make a homemade saline solution. Use 1/4 teaspoon of table salt to 1 cup of water (room temperature). Three or four times a day, use a cotton ball to drizzle a small amount saline into the cat's eyes. Make the saline fresh each and every time, because bacteria could grow in the solution between treatments.

There is a human homeopathic formula that works very well, and very quickly, for cats. It's called "The Herpes Formula" by Aeura. Dissolve one tablet in a 1-ounce dropper bottle filled with a mixture of 80% water and 20% vodka (as a preservative), shake well, and give about half a dropperful by mouth once or twice a day. (Do NOT put it in the eyes!) If you make up a 1-ounce batch, it will last several weeks. It may seem a bit expensive up front, but one bottle of The Herpes Formula will provide years of treatment.
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Multi-Vitamin for Cats

Many pet owners wish to provide their animals with the best health possible by giving them a multi-vitamin for cats. Cats require a certain careful balance of vitamins and minerals as well as other nutrients in order to function at their best. By ingesting the proper combination of these vitamins, your cat will remain healthy and strong and is more likely to enjoy a long, happy, and illness free life.

The exact vitamins which your cat will need are slightly different from the vitamins which you may see in a human multi-vitamin supplement, however, so it's a good idea to familiarize yourself with the basics of feline nutrition before you purchase anything.

Benefits of Multi-Vitamins for Cats
Ideally, a good cat food will provide your pet with all of the different vitamins and nutrients that he needs. However, there are a number of reasons why he may still require a vitamin supplement as well. First, many cat foods do not provide the highest quality nutrients as a result of lower quality ingredients in the food. Second, sitting on the shelf for weeks or even longer can mean that the vitamins and nutrients which are naturally in cat food are reduced in quantity, thereby not giving your cat the nutrition he requires. For this reason, multi-vitamins are a good supplement to help your cat overall.

Components of a Cat Good Multi-Vitamin Cats require certain enzymes and amino acids that can only be found in meat sources. For this reason, cats that do not eat meat will not be healthy and, ultimately, will not survive. Thus, many of the multi-vitamin supplements that are available for cats focus on some of these types of nutrients which are usually found in meat sources. These include:
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A Guide to Worms in Cats

There are many different kinds of worms in cats. Knowing their characteristics, how they affect your cat and how to prevent them will help you properly identify and treat them. Although these worms can be easily treated, they can also be harmful to people. Treatment and prevention of worms is a necessary action for the health of your cat.

Tapeworms
Tapeworms are flat long worms that measure from 15 to 60 cm in length and attach themselves to your cats intestines. They consist of a head and many segments all with its own reproductive organs. Their appearance is similar to rice or seeds and is usually seen near the rear end of your cat, in your cats feces, or where they sleep. If your cats are infected with tapeworms they may experience vomiting and diarrhea. Tapeworms intermediate host is the flea but your cats can also get tapeworms from eating rodents.

Roundworms
Roundworms are the most common worm that cats get. They live in the intestines of infected cats. Most cats will get roundworms sometime in their lives showing little or no symptoms. Roundworms are common in summer, fall and winter. Adult roundworms are light brown or white and are several inches long. They can be seen in a cat's vomit and stool. If infected with roundworms, your cat may experience weight loss or a "pot belly" appearance. Cats can get roundworms if they eat worm eggs from the soil in the environment or if they eat an animal such as a rodent that has worms. Kittens can become infected through nursing, if the mother cat was infected in pregnancy.

Hookworms
Hookworms are common in the summer months. They have a hook-like mouth that attaches to the walls of the small intestines and they feed on blood. Hookworms are passed through cat feces. The larvae live in the soil and penetrates through your cats skin usually through the belly or feet. They may also get hookworms when grooming themselves, if the larvae is on their body. Hookworms can cause diarrhea, weight loss, internal bleeding and possibly death in kittens.

Whipworms
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Cat Blood Types

Cats have A, B and AB (rare) blood types. Most cats in the United States have type A blood - something like 99% of domestic shorthair cats have Type A blood. This ratio varies from country to country. Other cat breeds have a much higher incidence of Type B blood. As the popularity of purebred cats increases it is likely that the ratio of cats with Type B blood will also increase.

There is no "universal donor" blood type in cats - a very small amount of the wrong blood type can kill a cat if is is sensitized to the blood. This can be an issue in some cat breeds. In particular, British Shorthair, Cornish Rex and Devon Rex cats, where the percentage of Type B cats is much higher, perhaps as high as 50%. Other breeds with significant percentages of Type B blood include the Abyssinian, Himalayan, Japanese Bobtail, Persian, Somali and Sphinx breeds. (preceding information from Urs Giger, University of Pennsylvania, Kirk's XI).

If a Type B queen (mother cat) gives birth to Type A kittens, severe reactions can occur in the kittens
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Lab Blood Work Tests for Cats

Cats require blood work tests when they need to diagnosed for different diseases. Blood tests are widely used in veterinary medicine. The results are measured against normal values, which are typically present in healthy pets; these values differ across species. The lab test results may be influenced by certain drugs, so always inform your vet about the medication of your pet prior to blood tests. Prior to certain blood tests, your cat should fast.

Complete Blood Count
The complete blood count is a blood test that is very frequently employed to inform the vet about the amount of different types of cells in the blood flow of the cat.

The red blood cell count as well as the white blood cell count and the hemoglobin are important values to determine the condition of the cat. Red blood cells transport the oxygen to the vital organs, while white cells help fighting infections.

A low red blood cell count can indicate anemia, while a high amount of white blood cells can indicate an infection or a viral disease.

Platelets help the blood to clot. If the platelet count is low the cat may have a destroyed bone marrow or an autoimmune disease.

Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) may also measure the red blood cell count.

Commonly Performed Blood Tests There are numerous tests that can be performed on a cat to determine his health condition. Some tests will show how a particular organ functions, while other tests will give a general overview.

The following tests are most commonly performed in felines:
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Grooming Tips for Preventing Matted Cat Hair

Matted cat hair is entangled hair that ends up in tight knots. Long haired breeds are more susceptible to the condition than other pets. Cat hair is divided into three categories as each type of hair performs a certain role. The types of cat hair include awn hair, down hair and guard hair. The various function of cat hair involves protection from environmental contaminants, heat and cold. The uppermost layer of cat hair also determines the color of individual pets.

Cat Hair Conditions
Cats shed their fur during specific periods. However, fur loss that's caused due to skin conditions such as alopecia, dermatitis or skin allergy needs medical treatment. Although cats routinely groom themselves to maintain their fur coats, pets also develop conditions such as cat hairball due to the ingestion of hair during routine grooming. Pet owners should thus groom the cat with a brush to avoid excessive self-grooming and cat hairballs. Cats that appear sick or lethargic may avoid their routine grooming which in turn leads to matted hair. Thick knots are difficult to detangle with a comb and may cause the pet pain, if the mats are located towards sensitive areas of the body.

Tips to Separate Matted Cat Hair
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Crescia Bread or Italian Cheese Bread
If you don't like locatelli cheese then don't even bother making this bread; this bread has such a great aroma and flavor that you will eat an entire loaf by yourself, it is also perfect for gift giving and the best part is that you can freeze it weeks in advance and everyone will think that you just made it that day.

Recipes for Poulet Aux Peaches and Refrigerator Dinner Rolls
Here is a 1970s recipe for Poulet aux Peaches or poultry with peaches. The Refrigerator Dinner Rolls are an easy to prepare batter that is kept in the refrigerator, making homemade rolls at dinnertime a snap.

Recipes for Velveeta Country Chicken Casserole and Pineapple Sheet Cake and Frosting for Dessert
For a quick and easy old-fashion dinner casserole like you remember from your childhood, try this Velveeta Country Chicken Casserole. This recipe is also a great way to use leftover chicken or turkey. It's quick, easy, economical and will no doubt become a family favorite. Kids love chicken and cheese so this is a perfect casserole for sit-down family dinners. For dessert, another vintage recipe, pineapple sheet cake. It is also quick and easy and can be made earlier in the day, even the night before, to make getting dinner on the table quickly a real possibility. This cake, too, is sure to become a family favorite.



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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Explained by a Holistic Veterinarian
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a particularly nasty disease-one that causes great confusion and distress. The name itself is misleading; the only absolutely true point about the name is the "feline," since it is not especially infectious, nor is it always peritonitis (inflammation in the abdominal cavity). Unfortunately, the disease is almost always fatal in its active form.

Cat Litter Brands Determine Good Cat Litter Box Habits:
If you have a cat who doesn't use her cat litter box, it might be the type of cat litter you buy for her. Cats are fussy about a lot of things, and the cat litter brand you think she'll likes might end up offending her for a number of reasons

How To Stop Your Cat Spraying:
The cat backs up to the door, lifts the tail and releases a fine spray of urine. Yes, your cat is spraying. You have a problem. But one you can solve



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Caring For An Older Cat - Cat Health And Cat Care
Cats are living longer lives thanks to dedicated care from their humans, and advances in veterinary medicine. Most experts consider a cat's "senior years" to begin on her 10th birthday. After this point, the aging process begins to slow in even the most playful feline. Yet, with a little extra attention from her owner, Miss Kitty might enjoy another 5-10 years of life and love.

A Detailed Guide To Grooming Cats:
If you notice rice-like particles around your cats anus (or in her bed), she probably has worms and needs medication from a veterinarian. The grooming session is a good time to check your cat's ears, eyes, teeth and claws. If your cat is a young kitten, be sure to frequently manipulate these areas to get her used to handling

Important nutritional information on cat food
Protein is crucial for your cat's health, and generally comes from fish, meat or poultry. Advertisers will often say their brand is beef, turkey or mackerel flavoured, but it may not actually contain those products

Ten Tips for Cats Who Are Forced to Relocate With Their Owners
When you're on the move, the cats may have something to say about the process.



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